Data lake

A store of raw data in open formats on object storage, cheap enough to keep everything. Table formats add transactions and schema evolution on top.

Where it shows up in real systems

  • Data lake

    Stores everything first and decides the schema at read time. Table formats like Iceberg add transactions and time travel; without governance a lake quickly becomes a swamp.

    In production: Amazon S3 + Apache Iceberg, Delta Lake, Azure Data Lake Storage, Apache Hudi

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