Loose coupling

Components that know little about each other can change, scale and fail independently. Queues, events and stable APIs are the main tools.

Where it shows up in real systems

  • Pub/sub topic

    Producers publish once without knowing who listens; each subscriber processes the event independently. Fan-out multiplies downstream load by the number of subscribers.

    In production: Amazon SNS, Google Cloud Pub/Sub, Azure Event Grid, NATS

See it break, then fix it

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