- Intermediate
- Reliability
Where it shows up in real systems
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Payment provider
Calls take hundreds of milliseconds, a small share fails transiently, and the provider rate-limits you. Never charge twice: send an idempotency key with each request, retry with backoff, and move the call out of the user request path when you can.
In production: Stripe, Adyen, PayPal, Moneris, Square
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Email and SMS provider
Delivery is slow and can fail, so send from background workers, never while the user waits. Providers throttle senders and track bounces; a burst of password-reset emails can hit the limit.
In production: Amazon SES, SendGrid, Mailgun, Twilio, Postmark
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Third-party API
Its latency, rate limits and outages become yours. Cache what you can, set short timeouts, wrap it in a circuit breaker and design a degraded mode for when it is down.
In production: Google Maps Platform, OpenWeather, Shippo, Anthropic API, OpenAI API
See it break, then fix it
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